Marcel Peres in St. Louis

Our friends in the Rome of the West will host Marcel Peres for a week of workshops, conferences, and liturgies in February. The conference is free, so what are you waiting for? From the announcement at New Liturgical Movement:

As previously announced, the St Louis, Missouri, based Cantores Sancti Ludovici will host Marcel Peres, the famous chant scholar and director of the Ensemble Organum, from February 14-19 for an unprecedented series of workshops, lectures, and liturgies. The full program is given below; these events are free and open to all, but an RSVP is requested to info@scholastl.org. All events are at the Oratory of Sts. Gregory and Augustine, located at 7320 Dale Avenue in St Louis, unless otherwise noted.

Tuesday, Feb 14
10AM: Colloquium 1
4PM: Colloquium 2
6PM: Vespers
7PM*: Evening conversation cum vino (*Location TBD)

Wednesday, Feb 15
10AM: Colloquium 3
4PM: Colloquium 4
6:30PM: Mass
7:15PM: Compline

Thursday, Feb 16
10AM: Colloquium 5
4PM: Colloquium 6
6:00PM: Vespers
7PM*: Evening conversation cum vino (*Location TBD)

Friday, Feb 17
10AM: Colloquium 7
4PM: Colloquium 8
6PM: Vespers
7PM*: Evening conversation cum vino (*Location TBD)

Saturday, Feb 18
8:15AM: Mass
9:15AM: Breakfast
10AM: Conversation with Marcel Peres

Sunday, Feb 19
7:20AM: Prime
11:10AM: Terce
11:30AM: High Mass
4:30PM: Vespers

Colloquium Topics:
• Psalmody as the Central Aspect of Worship
• Rediscovering the 1st Millenium of Catholic Traditions
• Improvisation/Cantare Super Librum/Fauxbourdon
• Individual Styles (Ambrosian, Old Roman, Mozarabic, etc)
• Practical Applications of Chant Techniques (trills, runs, etc)
• Liturgical Performance Practice
• Motion and Space

A Commented Translation to the First Prologue of Honorius Augustodunensis’s Expositio in Cantica Canticorum

A recent graduate of the Polis Institute in Jerusalem has produced a translation and commentary on Honorius’s prologue to his Song of Songs commentary.

Thanks to Daniel Suárez Landívar and the Polis Institute for allowing us to link to it here. Do take a look at the Polis Institute’s webpage. They do fantastic work teaching the ancient languages.

Meanwhile, a few words from Daniel’s introduction:

His Expositio in Cantica Canticorum is probably his most well-known work in the field of exegesis. Composed at some point during his old age, it follows strictly the method of the four senses of Scripture, according to which the Bible has a literal, an allegorical (sometimes typological), a moral or tropological, and an anagogic meaning, as the medieval couplet reminds: Lettera gesta docet, quid credas allegoria, moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia. Honorius, in consequence, systematically endeavors to extract the four sensesin every passage analyzed, giving some precedence to allegory, sincehe considers it the teaching befitting thelearned, above the literal sense. Commenting Song 4:11, “Thy lips, my spouse, are as a dropping honeycomb, honey and milk are under thy tongue,” Honorius remarks: Mel est dulcis doctrina allegoriae, quae doctis congruit: Lac vero est simplex doctrina historiae, quae parvulis, id est, indoctis convenit.

The present translation is of the first prologue, and it is supplemented with biblical references and commentaries aimed to contextualize and complement Honorius’ work. In regards to PL 172’s text, the Latin spelling has been adapted to the current typographic use and orthography, so that for example ejus has been changed to eius, quatuor to quattuor and so forth. We have followed PL’s text closely, except when there are obvious mistakes, which have been corrected and marked by a footnote giving word of the reading in PL’s text. In some cases PL’s reading seems to be problematic in some given word, albeit without misspelling; in these instances the text has been compared to the manuscript Opera Exegetica-BSB Clm 4550, written in the monastery of Benediktbeuern, Bavaria, around 1170, and in each case we have found a textual variant, usually contrasting in one single letter, that fixes the problem giving intelligibility to the text. PL’s text has also been rectified accordingly in these cases giving notice of the alteration in a footnote.

De Canonum Observantia 21: On the Penitential and Gradual Psalms

Proposition XXI

In many praiseworthy uses other particular offices, such as the penitential and gradual psalms and in Lent the whole psalter and others, are kept in certain seasons

We spoke in praise of the seven penitential psalms above in Proposition 9, and will now say how to do them fittingly. The psalms begin immediately[1] and each is said with Gloria Patri. At the end of the last, Alleluia or Laus tibi; the versicle Intret oratio; then Kyrie eleison while lying prostrate; the greater preces with the psalm Inclina and the orations used for this office: of all saints, for the pope, for peace, for the bishop, for the emperor, against heretics, for benefactors, for travelers, for the people, for sins, for serenity, for the living and the dead, and for necessities of this sort. The use of Liège has thirteen orations. This office must be said after Prime on days of three lessons outside of Eastertide and major octaves. This is the general custom, as I saw stated in a Roman ordinary. Innocent III, however, ordered his chaplains to say it only in Lent,[2] and the Friars Minor follow suit.

The fifteen gradual psalms are said in three parts: the first five for the dead, under one Requiem aeternam with Pater noster, versicle, and collect; the last five are said for all the faithful in the same way as the second five. The aforesaid religious say this office before Matins on three-lesson days, but few of those who say them also bother to say the seven penitential psalms. But other religious and seculars, acting with better reason, fulfill both offices by saying the fifteen gradual psalms in succession at the five little hours of the daily office of the Holy Virgin, saying the seven penitential psalms on the requisite days, thus lightening the day’s service without omitting the seven psalms. The orations which are said with the fifteen gradual psalms at Prime and after the seven penitential psalms have already been discussed. But on days when the principal service is of theBlessed Virgin, it fittingly takes the places of the fifteen gradual psalms.

And because during holy Lent the holy Fathers wished to augment the Church’s office with other good works in sundry ways, as said above in Proposition 16, hence, for the augmentation of the divine worship in that season, on ferial days of Lent without nine-lesson feasts, after Prime the psalter is read in the following manner. After a prostration, the priest begins: Deus in adiutorium, Gloria, Laus tibi. Then each day are read ten psalms from the psalter, two by two under one Gloria. After the last one, Laus tibi, the versicle Intret, then the entire litany, after which all prostrate themselves and say the greater preces with the aforesaid seven psalms and orations. At Per Dominum, all rise. Others, however, observed other particular offices both during Lent and during private days. But the offices we have mentioned always seem fitting and devout.

Moreover, on vigils of feasts which they wish to solemnize, the Romans perform a certain office in the evening, which they call a “vigil,” in the following way. After the bells toll, they begin the office with the antiphon and say three psalms with three antiphons, a versicle, the Pater noster, and three lessons and responsories, as in one Matins nocturn. Having sung the Te Deum or Te decet, they conclude with an oration and Benedicamus Domino. On the Vigil of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, this office is celebrated at Saint Peter’s with nine lessons and their responsories. Ancient Roman antiphonaries, on the aforesaid vigil and the Vigil of Christmas, have nine antiphons with their psalms and nine responsories assigned for this office.[3] In the Ambrosian custom, the office of this sort of vigil is richly supplemented with a proper processional chant. This is the reason why on vigils in many collegiate churches parish priests sing Matins in the evening. Other particular offices, such as processions, both festive and of Rogations, blessings of various objects for ecclesiastical use and other things of this sort, are common and well known.


[1] I.e. without any introductory verse or antiphon.

[2] Mohlberg: This provision of Innocent III is quoted by liturgists after Radulph. See G. Catalani, Rituale Romanum commentariis illustratum, vol. 1, pg. 341 (Rome, 1757); B. Gavanti, Thesaurus sacrorum rituum, vol. 2, pg. 249 (Venice, 1749); V. Thalhofer-Eisenhofer, Handbuch der katholischen Liturgik, vol. 2, pg. 628 (Fribourg, 1912).

[3] On this Roman “double office” on certain solemnities, see Joseph Dyer, “The double office at St Peter’s Basilica on Dominica de Gaudete,” in Terence Bailey and Alma Santosuosso, eds., Music in Medieval Europe (Aldershot, 2007): 200–219, who writes, “How long any of the double offices persisted anywhere in Rome after the twelfth century is a question beyond the scope of this chapter. Radulph de Rivo (d. 1403), something of a liturgical antiquarian, gives the impression that a double office was still observed on some feasts.[…] His historical description is well informed, but he may have been reporting on an admired, idealized past.”

De canonum observantia 19: On Vigils and Octaves

Proposition XIX

Major solemnities are sometimes preceded by a vigil office, and sometimes extended through an octave

As Pope Alexander III, who began to rule on the year of Our Lord 1159, says (Extra, De feriis, chapter II): “Although it is written, From evening until evening you shall celebrate your sabbaths, nevertheless the beginning and end of feasts must be considered according to their kind and the custom of the several regions. And just as the importance of the day demands that it be begun earlier and ended later,”[1] the regulars, following the authority of Sacred Scripture, place the start and end of feasts from Vespers to Vespers. But based on their importance they precede them earlier with a vigil office and extend them longer with an octave office. Let us therefore discuss these two.

Vigil offices precede feasts of Our Lord, two feasts of his mother (namely the Assumption and, following a constitution of Gregory XI promulgated when he returned to Rome,[2] the Nativity of Mary), and the days of John the Baptist, Laurence, and, as Innocent III says in De observatione ieiunii chapter 2, “the vigils of all the apostles are to be celebrated with a fast except the vigils of the apostles Philip and James and John the Evangelist, because the feasts of the former pair are celebrated within the solemnity of Easter, and the latter within Christmas.”[3] As Alexander III says in De verborum significatione, chapter Quaesivit, “on the Vigil of Blessed Matthew, unless it fall on a Sunday, fasting is observed.”[4] Vigils on which there is fasting consequently also have a Mass. In the antiphoner which I brought from Rome, the vigil office for the Assumption of Mary begins with Matins, as we shall see for Christmas. In the Ambrosian Office, the major solemnities of the place, such as Gervase and Protase, Nazarius and Celsus, Nabor and Felix, Simplicianus and Dionysius and other local saints also have a proper Mass office on the vigils. Other nations are also accustomed to do this for their patrons and similarly important saints, such as for Saint Lambert in Liège and Saint Martin in Utrecht.

According to the pious and religious custom of the more solemn churches, whenever fasting is observed on the vigil, and the de tempore service is celebrated at the hours with a commemoration of the saints, if any occur, as we do in the fasting seasons of Advent and Lent. And they say this should be piously observed likewise on other vigils of saints for which Mass is said but on which there is no fasting obligation.

The vigil Mass is said in ferial fashion on account of the fast, and—according to Micrologus chapter 55—“this, too, is appropriately observed on all vigils, namely that if None is postponed until after Mass, it should be said of the future feast. In other words, once we have begun the feast after Mass, let us not introduce any dissonance into the office at None, since the holy Fathers especially strove to avoid such dissonance in their arrangement of the offices.” And if the vigil falls on a Sunday, the Sunday office, which is greater, is not changed on account of it, and the Mass of the vigil should be said as the Sunday morrow mass, or on Saturday, or at some other apposite time.

Now that we have spoken about vigils, by which feast days are “begun earlier,” we must speak about octaves, by which they are “ended later.” In the first place we must note that according to the more approved uses such as that of the Carthusians and others, and as written in many liturgical commentaries, octaves are of two sorts: major and minor. In major octaves the first and eighth day as well as the intervening Sunday have nine lessons, while the rest have three. The office of the first and eighth day are identical to that of the feast. But the Sunday Mass is celebrated within the office borrowed from the feast day, because both Vespers use the psalms of the feast day, and at Vigils the Invitatory, hymn, nine responsories are from the feast, and likewise Lauds and the rest are of the feast itself. Further, the three nocturns use the Sunday psalms under three or nine antiphons, depending on how many the feast has; six of the readings are taken from the history that is being read at that time, along with the Sunday homily and the Te Deum; at both Vespers and at Lauds there is a commemoration of the Sunday; at Prime the psalms Deus in nomine, Confitemini, etc. The Mass of the Sunday is celebrated with a commemoration of the feast. On private days, the Invitatory will be brief and in the ferial tone, while the hymn is of the feast, the nocturn of the feria, recited under one antiphon from the festal nocturns, whichever is most appropriate, the lessons from the current history, the responsories from the feast in proper order, omitting the first according to Roman custom, and, once they are used up, beginning again from the second. Neither Te Deum nor Gloria in excelsis should be said, as shown in proposition 13; at Lauds use five antiphons over the common psalms; at Vespers five antiphons from Lauds over the ferial psalms, unless the ferial antiphons are used. The rest of the office is of the feast.

In minor octaves, the solemnity is not mentioned on any day before the octave day, which is kept with three lessons like any simple feast of three lessons. Hence we read in Micrologus chapter 44:

According to Roman authority, we must not observe the octaves of any saints unless we have a certain tradition to that effect from the holy fathers. And during those octaves which we do celebrate, there should be no daily commemoration on the days intervening, because we have no authority for such a thing, except for the Virgin Mary and for St. Peter, both of whom we never cease to commemorate even in other times.

We find the same in the commentary called Gemma Ecclesiae:

“Saints’ feasts of nine lessons within major octaves and to be kept with a commemoration of the octave. Let other saints be only commemorated; but if they should have a proper mass, let it be sung with Ite missa est.[5]

Christmas, Epiphany, the Ascension, Trinity, Corpus Christi, the Assumption, the Nativity of Mary, and Peter and Paul have this sort of major octave. Andrew, Laurence, and Martin, and, according to the Carthusians, John the Baptist have minor octaves. And note that private days within major octaves are regarded as if they were within Eastertide. Hence on those days there are no prostrations, preces with Miserere, and other things of that sort which are omitted on Eastertide; even the Carthusians observe this. Based on this consideration, many Germans on these days say only three psalms with three antiphons at Matins, as they are accustomed to do in Eastertide, but this practice was castigated above in Proposition 10.


[1] CJC, Decr. Greg. II, 9, 2 – Frdbg. II, 271.

[2] Pagi, Breviarium Rom. Pont, p. 1? in Greg. XI, Nr. 32; cf. Benedict XIV De festis BMV, pars II, 138, and O. Raynaldus, Annales Ecclesiastici, ed. J. D. Mansi, t. 7, 297 (Lucca, 1752)

[3] CJC, Decr. Greg. III, 46, 2 – Frdbg. II, 650–51. See proposition 17 and ML 215, 810.

[4] CJC, Decr. Greg. V, 40, 14 – Frdbg. II, 915 and proposition 17.

[5] If he refers to the Gemma anime (which often appeared under the title Gemma ecclesiae), then this passage is either a later addition or belongs to a tradition of unedited Gemma manuscripts.

Aurora: Praises of the Virgin

More from the Aurora today, this time on the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Wrought in the Language of Scripture

She was the Ark,[1] Noe’s dove,[2] Moses’ bush,[3] Aaron’s staff,[4]

Jacob’s ladder,[5] Joseph’s seven sheaths of grain,[6]

The cloud raining Manna,[7] the rock gushing an abundant Stream,[8]

The Serpent’s healing pole,[9]

David’s sling bearing the Stone that struck the enemy,[10]

 Bethlehem’s spring, for whose water David thirsted,[11]

Solomon’s throne made of flashing white ivory,[12]

The scallop shell wet with Dew by Gedeon’s work,[13]

The amber vessel which the prophet saw in the fire,[14]

The ever-closed door in the Lord’s house,[15]

The lamp that gleams brighter than the seven other lights

Which Zacharias saw,[16] a blooming olive,[17]

One of the two staves, which is called Beauty,[18]

The earth spawning the worm which killed Jonas’s shade,[19]

The woman clothed with the sun’s brightness, her head adorned

By a gleaming crown of twelve stars.[20]

Let us go over each of the sentences I have just now gathered about the Virgin

In order; our errant speech seeks a plain path.

May the Golden Virgin gild this writer’s pen,

So that elegant order might grace our speech.

Mary was the Ark, wherein seed was saved;

She rules, saves, and covers her own.

She was a dove: like a dove’s eyes,

Simple, meek, with no gall of evil.[1] 

She is Moses’ burning bush: the fire does not harm the bush,

No lust touched the Virgin’s beauty.

The Virgin is the staff: without a bud that staff bore

Flowers, and without a man she bore God.

She is Jacob’s ladder, whose prayer, intercession,

And example lead you up to the stars of heaven.

She was at once Joseph’s seven sheaves and his store-house, who

Conceived by the Holy Ghost, as mother of the Sacred Bread.

This cloud gives manna, this rock water, when she bears Him

Who was heavenly Food and the Fount of everlasting water.

The Virgin was the pole that raised that Serpent

That saved us, harboring no venom.

The sling David bore, which bore the Stone that bore into the enemy’s brow:

The Virgin bore God, who killed the evil enemy.

She is Bethlehem’s spring, which the king thirsted for, because

In the House of Bread[21] she gave birth to the Bread of Heaven.

When the scallop shell brims with Dew removed from the sodden fleece,

Judea rejoices; the Virgin brims with God.

She is Solomon’s ivory throne, the seat of chastity,

Made God’s chair, white as ivory.

She is the vessel of amber, gleaming with silver, beaming with gold,

When she gives birth to him who is God and man.

The door stays closed because no man could cross

Its threshold: the Virgin conceived without a man.

She is the lamp which seven lights surrounded,

Shining and full of Christ’s seven-fold gift;

She is also the blooming olive because she is light, food, remedy—

Light to the blind, food to the poor, remedy to sinners;

She is also the beautiful staff because the Virgin exceeds the sun’s light

And all heaven’s candles in her beauty.

Earth creates the worm, withering the ivy, because the Virgin

Bore Christ, who cast down the teary Synagogue.

As for the woman bright like the sun and crowned with twelve stars:

I think the stars were the twelve disciples.

Such a beloved Virgin, so noble, was born into the world,

At her rising, light dawned upon our sinful race.


[1] Genesis 6:14–22.

[2] Genesis 7:8–12.

[3] Exodus 3:2.

[4] Numbers 17.

[5] Genesis 28:11–16.

[6] Genesis 37:7.

[7] Exodus 16.

[8] Exodus 17:5–6 ?

[9] Numbers 21:8–9.

[10] 1 Kings 17:19.

[11] 2 Kings 23:15–17.

[12] 3 Kings 10:18–20.

[13] Judges 6:36–38.

[14] Ezechiel 1.

[15] Ezechiel 44:1–3.

[16] Zacharias 4.

[17] Ecclesiasticus 24:19.

[18] Zacharias 11:7.

[19] Jonas 4:7.

[20] Apocalypse 12:1.

[21] The meaning of “Bethlehem.”